Let’s Talk about Gentrification

The New York Times has a love affair with Portland, but a recent article points to a dark side of Portland that the Antiplanner has commented on before: it is (as Harvard economist Edward Glaeser once put it) a “boutique city catering only to a small, highly educated elite.”

That means there isn’t much room in Portland for chronically low-income blacks. The black “ghetto,” as we called parts of Northeast Portland when I was growing up there, has been gentrified by yuppies who can’t afford homes elsewhere in the region’s urban-growth boundary. This has pushed blacks from rental housing in those neighborhoods, leaving just a scattering of blacks who owned their homes.

What is left “is not drug infested, but then you say, ‘Well, what happened to all the black people that were in this area?’ ” Margaret Solomon, a long-time black resident told the Times. “You don’t see any.” As California writer Joseph Perkins put it, “smart growth is the new Jim Crow.”

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Houston: The Opportunity City

No doubt a lot of people think I am some kind of nut for promoting Houston’s land-use and transportation policies. But I am not the only nut to do so.

Another writer who finds Houston attractive is Joel Kotkin, who has written several books about cities and urban areas. Kotkin is no free-marketeer, but based on his assessment of Houston, he is proposing a new paradigm that he calls “opportunity urbanism.” His recent report of that name contrasts this idea with Richard Florida’s “creative class” policies.

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Houston in Perspective

On the day I flew to Houston a couple of weeks ago, I received an email from an old friend, an Oregon elected official who supports the state’s land-use planning program. Responding to my invitation to attend the Preserving the American Dream conference, he said he had been to Houston once before and it was “a living hell.” Then he added (ungraciously, I thought), if I liked it so well, why didn’t I move there?

I suspect that our attitude when we visit a place for the first time has a great deal to do with how we view that place afterwards. I admit that I, raised to believe that no landscape east of the Rockies could be worth visiting, took a long time to warm up to places such as New York and New Jersey (which, as it turns out, both have much beautiful scenery). Plus, I’ve noticed that the first objection many planning advocates have against Houston is its climate: “it’s hot and humid.” Yet I doubt any of them really believe that planners can do anything about local climates.

Kunstler might call this nowheresville, but the photographer called it “suburban bliss.”
Flickr photo by The Other Dan.

In any case, I came to Houston prepared to like it, and I did. This doesn’t prove anything; I may have looked at the city and region through rose-colored glasses. (Actually, I wore my amber ones.) I’ll be the first to admit that Houston isn’t perfect, and due to my ingrained prejudice against flat, I will probably never live there.

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Houston Through a Bus Window Part 2: Sienna

Click here for part 1.

After lunch at a typical Texas restaurant, our buses trundled out to Sienna Plantation, one of more than two dozen master-planned communities in Fort Bend County alone. Fort Bend is one of ten counties in the Houston meto area. Covering 10,500 acres, Sienna Plantation includes churches, schools, shops, parks, and single- and multi-family homes. The developer, Johnson Development Company, purchased the land, built levies to protect the area from floods, subdivided it, installed utilities, and sells parcels to builders, the local school district, and other companies. Johnson does not build any homes itself.

A map of Sienna Plantation. Click for a larger view.

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TIF: Another Word for Stealing

If anyone still doesn’t believe that the whole idea of tax-increment financing, or TIF, is morally bankrupt, they only have to look at the latest shenanigans in Portland. The city took TIF money from the downtown Pearl District and used it to build a school at the opposite end of town.

What’s wrong with this? TIF is a California invention designed to kick-start development in blighted areas that otherwise might not attract private investors. Planners like to claim that TIF pays for itself, but in fact, new developments impose costs on fire, police, schools, and other public services, yet the taxes that would cover those costs are used to subsidize the development instead. This means everyone else in the city either has to pay higher taxes or accept lower services.

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High Rises Protect Single-Family Homes

Portland needs more high rises and other high-density housing developments to protect neighborhoods of single-family homes, says Portland city councilor and leading mayoral candidate Sam Adams. Adams admits that Portland’s major high-rise development, the South Waterfront or “SoWhat” District, is floundering despite having received close to $300 million subsidies, so he proposes that Portland lobby the state and federal governments to provide even more subsidies.

The Antiplanner’s friend, Jim Karlock, videotapes Portland-area political events and, in this case, taped himself asking Adams about the financial future of the SoWhat District. You can read some of the reactions of Portland residents to Adams’ reply at Jack Bogdanski’s blog.

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“Vibrant” Is a Word We Want to Use in this Vision

The real estate market is tanking, and government-subsidized downtown booms are busting. But Gresham — Portland’s largest suburb, with more than 100,000 people — has a plan.

The new plan is going to make downtown a “vibrant” place by making it “the focus of the community.” Yeah, right. Downtowns haven’t been “the focus” of major cities since the 1960s. A focus, yes, but not the focus.

How will they do it? Why, with public/private partnerships, of course. In other words, subsidies. In other words, tax-increment financing.

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Built Environment and Walking

Contrary to the claims of many New Urbanists, the “built environment” — such things as density and street connectivity — has almost no effect on the amount of walking people do. At least, that is the finding of a new study by planners and epidemiologists from the University of Minnesota, Cornell, and the University of Pennsylvania.

The study scrutinized the behavior of 716 adults in 36 neighborhoods with varying densities and connectivities in the Twin Cities. “neither density nor street connectivity are meaningfully related to overall mean miles walked per day or increased total physical activity.” The paper concludes “that the effects of density and block size on total walking and physical activity are modest to non-existent, if not contrapositive.”

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Craziness in Dubai

Someone sent me an email last week about “craziness,” that is, rapid growth and development, in Dubai, a city (and emerite, or what we would call a state) in the United Arab Emerites. Dubai has been doubling in population every decade and construction in the city has been phenomenal.

The Burj Dubai, soon to be the world’s tallest building.
Flickr photo by Pete the Painter.

Dubai features some of the world’s tallest buildings, dozens of artificial islands, the world’s largest artificial port, an indoor ski resort, and the world’s most luxurious hotel. Developments planned or under construction include the world’s largest amusement park, the world’s first undersea hotel, and a building that is expected to be 40 percent taller than what is now the world’s tallest skyscraper. Its airport, which currently moves as many people as the one in the Twin Cities and as much cargo as Chicago O’Hare, is expected to eventually be the biggest in the world.

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Is Phoenix a “Real City”?

The notion that real cities have big downtowns is firmly ingrained in the minds of many urban planners and city officials. As Joel Garreau points out in Edge City, this ignores the fact that such downtowns were only built for about a century, from roughly 1820 to 1920.

Modern cities, which planners deride by calling them “sprawl,” have job centers spread out all over the place. San Jose, Phoenix, and Los Angeles are all typical examples. Planners and officials try to re-create obsolete downtowns by building pork-barrel projects such as convention centers and giving developers huge subsidies for hotels and office buildings. This enriches developers and contractors, but it never really creates a “real” downtown.

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